这是资产恢复从业者的知名陷阱：在民法司法管辖区内发现订单不可用。相反，欺诈的受害者通常要求打开刑事诉讼，以便从广泛的冻结和披露订单中受益。尽管如此，使用刑事诉讼支持民事声称，但没有风险，因为在一定程度上，公众对民事原告的私人利益在一定程度上的公共利益。
Swiss law provides for a few pre-trial discovery tools outside of criminal proceedings, among which are 1) the precautionary taking of evidence in support of contemplated civil proceedings; 2) the right to information based on the Federal Act on Data Protection ADP; 3) the right to consult the bankruptcy file, in cases of criminal mismanagement.
- The precautionary takingof evidence, the “Swiss § 1782”?
一个人不应该忽略瑞士民事诉讼法所提供的工具到潜在的原告。如果申请人显示证据存在风险的可能性或获得所要求的证据的可能性，它就提供了在瑞士在瑞士的有关的可能性。瑞士联邦法院裁定，如果申请人希望评估拟想的法律诉讼的成功机会，则充分证明了合法权益。
如果审判发生在瑞士以外的审判，甚至可以批准证据预防措施。它可以应用于采取口头证词，产生物理记录，原位证据采取，专业知识，从官方和陈述和委员会的陈述和考试的书面陈述。
The proceedings are conducted inter-partes. The parties can request to the court to take appropriate intermediary measures (例如. a prohibition to use certain information outside of the contemplated proceedings) where there exist legitimate interests of any parties or third parties to protect, such as business secrets.
This domestic tool is an interesting alternative route to requesting international judicial assistance. The Swiss 1782 can be faster and the rights of the civil plaintiff are broader than under a request for judicial assistance. However, the grounds for refusing the taking of evidence are much more limited in the context of the execution of a request for judicial assistance than in the independent Swiss 1782.
- The rules on data protection
In a matter刚果民主共和国六共和国瑞士联邦检察机关办公室FPO on the plundering of gold mines, the Federal Administrative Court had to decide on the right of the DRC to access to the criminal file of criminal proceedings that were already terminated and in which the DRC had not participated. For this reason, the DRC requested access to the file on the basis of the ADP, instead of invoking the Swiss Code of Criminal procedure. The DRC argued that it needed the documents contained in the criminal file because it intended to institute civil legal actions against the gold refinery company investigated by the FPO.
ADP允许申请人获得“数据”，而不是证据或文件。如果申请人的个人数据涉及，文件原则上可以获得。一般禁止滥用权利和一些例外情况适用。如果申请人试图在未申请中无法获得的信息，那么拒绝其权利和访问个人数据的滥用。在一个里程碑意义的决定中，瑞士联邦法院已经裁定银行账户的持有人可以访问其所有个人数据，包括其关系经理的票据和报告，以及kyc和概况，即使目的是评估民事诉讼对该银行取得成功的机会。
InRDC v. FPO法院总结说，原则上，DRC有权获得自己的个人数据，以便在申请民事诉讼的证据阶段获得本信息的拟员诉讼的目的。
However, by requesting the entire criminal file, the DRC also requested access to sensitive personal data of third parties, namely the gold refinery under investigation. Access to this data is subject to article 19 ADP. To access this data, the DRC should have however demonstrated that the gold refinery refused to give access to its personal data in abuse of its rights. Where criminal charges or convictions are concerned, the threshold is very high and the holder of the personal data has to carefully examine if a public or a private interest justifies consultation by the applicant. Arguing, as the DRC did, that the personal data of a third party is sought for the purpose of a civil action against that third party is clearly not sufficient. The reason is that ADP does not aim to facilitate civil proceedings but to protect privacy.
In short, accessing a criminal file through ADP is a difficult path. This being said, the Federal Administrative Court left the issue open of a general right to access to terminated criminal cases by persons with an interest worthy of protection on the basis of the fundamental right to be heard (due process). The case still has to be decided by the FPO in this light.
- The discrete but powerful right to consult bankruptcy files
按照第八条债务收集和Bankruptcy Act, any person able to show a prima facie interest may consult the records and the registers held by the debt collection and bankruptcy offices. Accordingly, creditors are almost automatically granted access. Case law also generally grants generous access to the shareholders.
在2018年5月的决定中，日内瓦司法法院裁定，债务人（也指责刑事诉讼中的管理司法人士）在破产中承认侵权责任索赔有权获得破产档案的合法利益。然而，磋商权的范围仅限于支持刑事管理不定指控的证据，并使债务人在刑事诉讼中挑战债权人的法律身份。具体而言，对破产文件的访问允许债务人准备其刑事辩护，并预测其战略，因为在刑事诉讼的早期阶段没有在刑事档案中制作破产文件。
根据这一决定，如果希望避免遭受他们追求的欺诈者的延迟策略，则应谨慎地选择他们在破产案件中产生的证据，例如通过使后者挑战原告的地位和权利。
Antonia Mottironi.
Monfrini Bitton Klein
