推动公用事业、重工业和传统能源行业的低碳解决方案走向零排放。

Scenarios & challenges for oil markets and energy transition in a post-pandemic climate

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在一个最近的帖子in the Petroleum Economist, energy policies and market consultant Andrei Belyi noted that the recent decline in the price of oil is unprecedented, and with the transport sector becoming unpredictable, the ability of experts to forecast has become seemingly impossible.

He goes on to note, "The oil price crash has triggered vivid discussions about the eventual emergence of a post-oil era. Some commentators have even suggested the crisis signals the end of oil industry." But falling oil prices make it more difficult to finance the transition to a low carbon economy.

我们询问安德烈,在大流行后的气候下,石油市场和能源转型的情景、挑战以及提供所需数量可再生能源的系统的实力。

阅读下面的问答。

Q: 在你看来,在大流行后的气候中,石油市场和能源转型存在什么样的情况?

安德烈·贝尔伊:这一切都取决于危机的规模和程度。目前,我们观察到一场前所未有的石油需求危机。随着石油工业进入一个高度不确定性的时代,因此很难估计风险。

目前成品油需求停滞不前,特别是航空燃油需求较年初大幅下降。因此,原油和其他石油产品一样,不是加工而是储存。与2018-19年的存储利用率相比,每周浮动存储量翻了一番。

不少专家指出,俄沙‘价格战’是造成当前物价暴跌的原因之一。在我为维也纳国际经济研究所(WIIW)撰写的论文中,我指出,即便是欧佩克+协议也无法解决需求不确定性的问题。

Indeed, once an agreement was reached in early April 2020 with the help of the US, prices didn't rebound, and therefore provoked a panic on the market. Interestingly, the US storages weren't at their maximum capacity. The storages didn't even reach their peak in 2017 of 68% utilisation, but the panic drove prices to negative. Market fundamentals also stimulated the panic, and demand is stagnating while storage capacity is getting filled.

许多人现在说,这是石油工业的终结。我对此深表怀疑。

当前的危机造成了需求的不确定性,但并没有降低全球经济的石油强度。例如,印度的石油强度大约是欧盟的三倍。印度将获得更便宜的燃料这一事实并没有刺激电动汽车、住宅领域的可再生能源应用或其他替代能源的发展。

经济将首先停滞,然后,一旦需求重新出现,印度次大陆的石油需求将首先增长。

Q: 可再生能源目前面临哪些挑战?是否存在机遇?

安德烈·贝尔伊:我相信,各个行业面临的挑战很可能各不相同。主要问题是锂生产链的中断,锂对于电动汽车和太阳能光伏发电至关重要。

China's demand stimulated lithium processing, and I believe the main impediment for the industry will be the uncertainty in China’s future demand. Adding to that the effect of the global pandemic and lockdown has had on the mining – including the slowing down of lithium and cobalt outputs.

Q: 可再生能源和绿色燃料需要扩大运营规模,但我们是否有足够强大的系统来提供所需的可再生能源?

安德烈·贝尔伊:我认为不同地区的系统的强度可能不同。

欧盟似乎坚定地致力于通过支持第一个碳中和技术,使后Covid19恢复绿色。

Similar commitments are not observed elsewhere. For example, regardless the pandemic, Russia has been planning to increase its coal production. Oil intensity in both Russia and the US is unlikely to decrease in the near future.

A high oil price has always helped alternative energy technologies to be promoted - incentives are normally substantial and driven by the price. Additionally, oil revenues in the Gulf countries have been often been used to promote solar energy domestically and to decrease desertification.

石油收入对较小的出口国是有帮助的,比如北非或里海的石油和天然气生产国。其中一些已经制定了可持续的项目,比如阿塞拜疆雄心勃勃的减少天然气燃烧。

在当前全球气候下,所有经济体都将需要支持,而且碳氢化合物的收入有限,许多可持续发展项目有可能被边缘化。

Q: 关于脱碳和直接用电将导致用户用电成本上升的主要论点是什么?

安德烈·贝尔伊:Direct use of electricity is always more expensive than fuels.

在运输、加热和工业过程中,这种差别有时会加倍。当然,这完全取决于非常具体的案例。即使是欧洲的社会经济结构也还没有准备好接受“全电力”的选择。

This means that working with hydrocarbons is a must in addressing the climate crisis. This includes gas flaring reduction, abatement of methane emissions, and more ambitiously hydrogen-enriched natural gas in the markets.

Q: 许多部门和行业都想对自己的命运感到安全,在我们努力实现脱碳的过程中,是否应该对基础设施和资源短缺感到担忧?有没有办法避免在未来争夺同样的资源?

安德烈·贝尔伊:我认为资源短缺一直被夸大,现在肯定不是问题。

碳氢化合物无处不在。另外,要避免资源决定论,把资源与冲突联系起来。有趣的是,与高油价相比,低油价更多地与冲突和不稳定联系在一起。

它将如何影响脱碳工作?让我们看看。但在一个政治不稳定的世界,这将更加困难。

Q: 值得关注的是,低油价可能会将新兴市场锁定在一个更古老、不可持续的能源循环中。有什么方法可以抵消这一点吗?

安德烈·贝尔伊:这一切都取决于具体情况和经济危机的程度,特别是在全球南方。

当前的油价崩溃是直接反映ion of the global economic decline provoked by a ‘Black Swan’. While states, international financial institutions, or aid programmes provided by the most developed nations might pass on financial assistance to the green carbon neutral projects however, there is no clear indication can be done until the economic implications of the ‘Black Swan’ are clear.

Q: If we were to cast back from 2050, what are the steps we need to take today to make sure were headed in the right direction?

我想没有自上而下的方法来解决所有问题,因为这在很大程度上取决于经济环境。

我认为,在经济不稳定的时期,要做出任何让步都是特别困难的。任何重大经济危机都会导致不可预测的后果。

如果我们回想起1929年的危机,有没有人会想到大萧条会间接导致1945年的世界新秩序?

有兴趣了解更多关于能源行业及其客户如何实现低碳可持续发展的未来吗?加入我们能源转型世界论坛(ETWF)在阿姆斯特丹。Find out more在这里.

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